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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Apoptosis and inflammation.

C Haanen1, I Vermes

  • 1Department of Clinical Chemistry Medical Spectrum Twente P.O. Box 50.000 Enschede NL-7500 KA The Netherlands.

Mediators of Inflammation
|January 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Apoptosis, a programmed cell death, is crucial for resolving inflammation. Understanding programmed cell death in immune cells like neutrophils can lead to new treatments for inflammatory diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Cell death was previously considered accidental but is now understood as a programmed process.
  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a genetically controlled mechanism distinct from necrosis.
  • Apoptosis does not harm the host or induce inflammation, unlike necrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of apoptosis in inflammatory processes.
  • To investigate the significance of neutrophil apoptosis in controlling inflammation.
  • To highlight the need for further research into immune cell apoptosis in inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • The study is a review of existing research on apoptosis and inflammation.
  • It contrasts apoptosis with necrosis, discussing their respective roles in tissue damage and inflammation.

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Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
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Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

Published on: May 24, 2019

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
06:47

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

Published on: May 24, 2019

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

  • It hypothesizes the importance of neutrophil apoptosis in resolving inflammation.

    • Main Results:

    • Apoptosis involves the formation of membrane-bound apoptotic bodies, which are phagocytosed without releasing cellular contents.
    • Necrosis, caused by injury or anoxia, leads to cell damage, leakage of contents, and inflammatory responses.
    • Neutrophil apoptosis is proposed as a key mechanism for limiting inflammation by preventing the release of damaging enzymes and radicals.

    Conclusions:

    • Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is vital for the resolution of inflammatory reactions.
    • Effective resolution of inflammation depends on the removal of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, via apoptosis.
    • Further research into the apoptosis of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages is essential for understanding and treating inflammatory diseases.