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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
Published on: March 1, 2011
The evolution of inflammatory mediators
1School of Biological Sciences University of Wales Swansea Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK.
Abstract:
Invertebrates do not display the level of sophistication in immune reactivity characteristic of mammals and other 'higher' vertebrates. Their great number and diversity of forms, however, reflect their evolutionary success and hence they must have effective mechanisms of defence to deal with parasites and pathogens and altered self tissues. Inflammation appears to be an important first line defence in all invertebrates and vertebrates. This brief review deals with the inflammatory responses of invertebrates and fish concentrating on the cell types involved and the mediators of inflammation, in particular, eicosanoids, cytokines and adhesion molecules.
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