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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
07:12

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Published on: September 28, 2017

Understanding osteoporosis.

M Kassim Javaid1, Richard I G Holt

  • 1MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Development Origins of Health and Disease Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
|August 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People with severe mental illness (SMI) face higher osteoporosis risks due to multifactorial causes, including medications. Early assessment and lifestyle interventions are key, with bone-specific treatments for high-risk individuals.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
07:12

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Published on: September 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Bone health
  • Endocrinology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a prevalent skeletal condition with significant health implications.
  • Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) exhibit increased vulnerability to low bone density and fractures.
  • Poorer outcomes post-hip fracture are observed in SMI populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the elevated risk of osteoporosis in individuals with severe mental illness (SMI).
  • To identify multifactorial contributors to this increased risk, including general and disease-specific factors.
  • To outline current assessment and management strategies for osteoporosis in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical history and physical examination findings.
  • Utilizing dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone density assessment.
  • Analysis of contributing factors including antipsychotic medications and hyperprolactinemia.

Main Results:

  • SMI is associated with a higher risk of osteoporosis and fractures.
  • Antipsychotic use and hyperprolactinemia are identified as specific risk factors.
  • A multifactorial etiology underlies the increased bone fragility in SMI.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive assessment including clinical evaluation and DXA is crucial for osteoporosis risk stratification in SMI.
  • Management should prioritize lifestyle modifications like physical activity and nutritional support.
  • Pharmacological interventions with bone-specific agents are recommended for individuals at high absolute risk.