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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral bioavailability, and...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Catecholamine dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update.

Jefferson Prince1

  • 1Department of Child Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jprince@partners.org

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
|June 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves genetic factors impacting brain catecholamine systems. Research highlights dopamine and norepinephrine pathway dysfunctions as key to ADHD, influencing cognitive and motor functions.

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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition with significant genetic underpinnings.
  • Genetic studies implicate the catecholaminergic system, including dopamine and norepinephrine pathways, in ADHD etiology.
  • ADHD is associated with neurobiological abnormalities in frontal brain regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology and pathophysiology of ADHD, focusing on catecholaminergic networks.
  • To explore the role of catecholamine neurotransmission in cognitive functions like attention and focus, and motor functions.
  • To discuss current research into other neurotransmitter systems and their potential role in ADHD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic research identifying genes associated with ADHD and the catecholaminergic system.
  • Analysis of studies examining neurotransmitter levels and brain function in individuals with ADHD.
  • Examination of the efficacy of stimulant medications in confirming the catecholaminergic basis of ADHD.

Main Results:

  • Genetic factors significantly contribute to ADHD, with specific genes in the dopamine and norepinephrine pathways implicated.
  • Patients with ADHD often exhibit depleted dopamine and norepinephrine levels, linked to transporter system dysfunction.
  • The effectiveness of stimulant treatments supports the primary role of catecholamine dysregulation in ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • Catecholaminergic neurotransmission disturbances are central to the pathophysiology of ADHD, affecting cognitive and motor functions.
  • Further research is exploring the involvement of other neurotransmitter systems for potential complementary ADHD treatments.