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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation differentially affects target gene expression.

Weiwei Chen1, Thoa Dang, Raymond D Blind

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, and the NYU Cancer Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.

Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)
|May 17, 2008
PubMed
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Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation at S211, not S226, enhances transcriptional activity by improving cofactor interaction. This phosphorylation impacts gene expression, nuclear retention, and is modulated by compounds like curcumin.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates gene expression through phosphorylation.
  • The functional significance of specific phosphorylation sites, particularly S203, S211, and S226, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of GR phosphorylation at specific N-terminal sites (S211 and S226) in regulating GR transcriptional activity.
  • To investigate how signaling pathway modulators affect GR phosphorylation and function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized site-specific GR phosphorylation antibodies and various agonists.
  • Employed a battery of compounds including BAPTA-AM and curcumin to perturb signaling pathways.
  • Performed molecular modeling and analyzed gene expression of GR target genes (IGFBP1, IRF8, GILZ) in cells expressing wild-type and mutant GR (S211A).

Main Results:

  • GR transcriptional activation correlates with S211 phosphorylation exceeding S226 phosphorylation; S226A mutation enhances response.
  • BAPTA-AM and curcumin decrease S211 phosphorylation, reducing nuclear retention and transcriptional activity.
  • S211 phosphorylation enhances GR interaction with MED14, crucial for MED14-dependent gene expression.
  • S211 phosphorylation's effect is gene-specific and can depend on receptor occupancy.

Conclusions:

  • GR phosphorylation at S211 and S226 critically determines transcriptional outcomes by modulating cofactor interactions.
  • S211 phosphorylation enhances GR function through conformational changes and improved MED14 binding, influencing gene-specific responses.
  • The findings highlight the nuanced role of GR phosphorylation in mediating gene regulation based on site-specificity and cellular context.