Polymethylmethacrylate particles stimulate bone resorption of mature osteoclasts in vitro

Interaction between wear particle debris and the cells at the implant-bone interface is an important contributory factor to periprosthetic bone loss seen in arthroplasties.

To investigate the effect of this particle-induced response on different stages of osteoclast maturation, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles were added to a murine osteoclastogenic bone marrow cell culture system at either day 0, day 4, or day 8 of culture, which represented PMMA particle stimulation of precursor osteoclasts, mature osteoclasts, or end-stage osteoclasts, respectively. The number of TRAP-posi-tive multinucleate cells (MNCs) and the degree of bone resorption in culture were measured

Treatment of precursor osteoclasts with PMMA particles resulted in a statistically significant increase in TRAP-positive MNCs that persisted for 4 days, but there was no significant increase in bone resorption. Addition of particles to mature osteoclasts resulted in a significant increase in the number of TRAP-positive MNCs that lasted for 8 days, and also a significant increase in bone resorption. Treatment of end-stage osteoclasts with PMMA particles did not result in an increased number of TRAP-positive MNCs and there was no increase in bone resorption.

Treatment of mature osteoclasts with PMMA particles resulted in an elevated number of TRAP-positive cells. This persisted over a longer period of time than at the other stages of osteoclast development, and there was also a greater increase in bone resorption.