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Related Concept Videos

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance01:29

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance

When current flow is opposed in a DC or AC circuit, it is referred to as resistance or impedance, respectively. Impedance plays a key role in determining the performance of AC circuits. It is represented by Z, which is a combination of resistance and reactance, and depends upon the angular frequency, measured in ohms.
Thus, the magnitude of the impedance is given by the following equation,
Impedances and Admittance01:23

Impedances and Admittance

In the realm of AC circuits, passive circuit elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors take on a different character when characterized by phasor voltage and current. Their behavior is expressed through impedance, a vital concept in AC circuit analysis.
Impedance is a measure of resistance to sinusoidal current flow in an AC circuit. Unlike their behavior in DC circuits, where inductors appear as short circuits and capacitors as open circuits, the behavior of these components in AC...
Lossless Lines01:23

Lossless Lines

In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi, exhibits...
Mesh Analysis for AC Circuits01:12

Mesh Analysis for AC Circuits

In the domain of radio communication, the significance of impedance matching must be considered. It is crucial to ensure the efficient transmission of signals between radio transmitters and receivers. Achieving this balance involves using impedance-matching circuits, with one fundamental configuration comprising a resistor, capacitor, and inductor.
The process of harmonizing these impedances begins with a clear understanding of the input and output signals. Once these signals are known, the...
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line01:27

Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line

Calculating series impedances for a three-phase overhead line involves evaluating resistances and inductive reactances in a network with three-phase and multiple neutral conductors grounded at regular intervals.
Using Kirchhoff's laws, an integro-differential equation for the network is derived. This equation accounts for unbalanced phase currents, which may induce return currents through neutral wires and the earth, seeking the least impedance path. Earth return conductors can replace the...

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Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing for the Quantification of Endothelial Proliferation, Barrier Function, and Motility
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Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing for the Quantification of Endothelial Proliferation, Barrier Function, and Motility

Published on: March 28, 2014

Surface impedance imaging technique.

Kyle J Foley1, Xiaonan Shan, N J Tao

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.

Analytical Chemistry
|May 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new surface impedance imaging technique using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This method visualizes molecular binding and surface electrical properties simultaneously for enhanced biosensing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) imaging
  • Electrochemical biosensing
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Conventional SPR imaging detects molecular binding via changes in refractive index.
  • Local surface charge density significantly influences SPR, but this is not typically exploited for imaging.
  • Understanding interfacial impedance is crucial for electrochemical and biosensing applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel surface impedance imaging technique.
  • To simultaneously image molecular binding and interfacial impedance.
  • To leverage the sensitive dependence of SPR on surface charge density.

Main Methods:

  • Applied potential modulation to a sensor surface.
  • Utilized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging.
  • Acquired dc and ac (amplitude and phase) components of the SPR signal.

Main Results:

  • Successfully obtained three simultaneous images: dc (binding activity), ac amplitude, and ac phase (impedance).
  • Demonstrated that ac images directly correlate with local surface impedance.
  • Analyzed experimental data using free electron gas and Randles equivalent circuit models.

Conclusions:

  • The developed SPR-based technique provides simultaneous imaging of molecular binding and surface impedance.
  • This method offers a powerful tool for characterizing interfacial properties in biosensing.
  • Quantitative analysis validates the technique's potential for detailed surface studies.