Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Psychoeducation for Inpatients With First-Episode Psychosis: Results From a Survey of Psychiatry Trainees in New York City.

Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)·2021

Same author

Mental Health Care Providers' Attitudes Toward Telepsychiatry: A Systemwide, Multisite Survey During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)·2021

Same author

Adoption of Digital Health Technologies in the Practice of Behavioral Health: Qualitative Case Study of Glucose Monitoring Technology.

Journal of medical Internet research·2021

Same author

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Blood Alterations in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Schizophrenia bulletin·2021

Same author

Towards a framework to develop neuroimaging biomarkers of relapse in schizophrenia.

Behavioural brain research·2021

Same author

The Neurobiology of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Paths to Antipsychotic Resistance and A Roadmap for Future Research.

Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Videos

Atypical antipsychotics: sedation versus efficacy.

John M Kane¹, Zafar A Sharif

¹Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. psychiatry@lij.edu

The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

|June 14, 2008

Summary

Sleep disturbances are common in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, impacting quality of life. Careful assessment and tailored pharmacotherapy, including non-sedating antipsychotics with short-term adjunctive agents, are key for effective treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Sleep Medicine
Pharmacology

Background:

Sleep-wake cycle disturbances are prevalent in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
These disruptions negatively affect patient functioning and quality of life.

Observation:

Sleep problems can stem from the disorder, medications, or comorbid sleep conditions.
Sedating antipsychotics may help sleep but can cause over-sedation and nonadherence.
Non-sedating antipsychotics combined with short-term hypnotics or benzodiazepines are a viable option.

Findings:

Accurate sleep problem assessment is crucial for effective treatment and remission.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosing, and individual patient factors guide antipsychotic selection.
Balancing benefits and risks of sedating versus non-sedating antipsychotics is essential.

Implications:

Optimizing sleep management can improve treatment adherence and outcomes in psychiatric patients.
Personalized pharmacotherapy strategies are necessary for managing sleep disturbances in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Further research into optimal adjunctive treatments for sleep in these populations is warranted.