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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice
07:02

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2014

Slow cortical potentials in human aversive trace conditioning.

Stefanie Hellwig1, Matthias Weisbrod, Vera Jochum

  • 1Section for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Vossstrasse 2, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany. Stefanie.Hellwig@med.uni-heidelberg.de

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|May 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated brain activity during aversive conditioning. Results show sustained brain negativity, suggesting a role for midcentral and parietal regions in anticipating unpleasant stimuli.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Aversive conditioning involves learning to associate neutral stimuli with unpleasant outcomes.
  • The stimulus preceding negativity (SPN) is an electrophysiological marker potentially reflecting anticipation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cortical structures and neuronal processes underlying aversive differential trace conditioning.
  • To determine if SPN in this paradigm shows a frontocentral or centroparietal maximum, reflecting affective or temporal/sensory anticipation, respectively.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an emotional trace-conditioning paradigm with aversive electrical stimuli.
  • Analyzed two distinct SPN intervals: during conditioned stimulus (CS) presentation and after CS offset (trace interval).
  • Compared electrophysiological responses between aversive (CS+) and unpaired (CS-) conditions.

Main Results:

  • A significantly larger negativity was observed in the CS+ condition compared to the CS- condition.
  • SPN exhibited sustained midcentral and posterior parietal negativity across both analyzed intervals.
  • Differences in SPN intervals indicated occipital activity during delay conditioning but not during trace conditioning.

Conclusions:

  • Aversive trace conditioning engages sustained midcentral and posterior parietal activity.
  • Longer trace intervals in aversive conditioning may utilize similar neural patterns as cognitive stimulus anticipation.