Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gradient Fields01:27

Gradient Fields

A gradient field is a vector field derived from a scalar field. A scalar field assigns a single numerical value to every point in space, such as temperature, pressure, or electric potential. The gradient field describes how that value changes from point to point. It gives both the direction of the fastest increase and the rate of change in that direction.For a scalar field f(x, y), the gradient is written as\begin{equation*}\nabla f=\left\langle \jfrac{\partial f}{\partial x},\jfrac{\partial...
Significance of the Gradient Vector01:27

Significance of the Gradient Vector

A surface defined by a function of two variables can be understood by examining how it changes along specific directions. When one variable is held constant, the surface reduces to a curve that reflects variation in the other variable. For example, fixing one variable and moving parallel to a coordinate axis produces a cross-sectional curve. The slope of this curve at a given point represents how the function changes in that particular direction, providing a measure of local steepness.By...
Gradient Vectors and Their Applications01:19

Gradient Vectors and Their Applications

Every point on a topographical map corresponds to a particular elevation, so the landscape can be modeled as a surface whose height depends on horizontal position. From any given location, a hiker may face infinitely many directions, but only one direction produces the fastest possible increase in elevation. This unique route is called the direction of steepest ascent, and in multivariable calculus, it is represented by the gradient vector of the elevation function.The gradient vector points...
Gradient and Del Operator01:14

Gradient and Del Operator

In mathematics and physics, the gradient and del operator are fundamental concepts used to describe the behavior of functions and fields in space. The gradient is a mathematical operator that gives both the magnitude and direction of the maximum spatial rate of change. Consider a person standing on a mountain. The slope of the mountain at any given point is not defined unless it is quantified in a particular direction. For this reason, a "directional derivative" is defined, which is a vector...
Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is sampled...
Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line01:27

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line

Based on Bernoulli's equation, the energy line (EL) and hydraulic grade line (HGL) provide graphical representations of energy distribution in a fluid flow system. For steady, incompressible, inviscid flows, Bernoulli's equation is expressed as:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Excitation of delocalized long-lived states of aliphatic protons at low and high magnetic fields.

Magnetic resonance (Gottingen, Germany)·2026
Same author

Combining photo-CIDNP and long-lived spin states enables high-contrast detection of weak protein-ligand interactions.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Long-lived coherences for the observation of oxidation kinetics on different timescales by NMR.

Communications chemistry·2026
Same author

Long-lived states involving a manifold of fluorine-19 spins in fluorinated aliphatic chains.

Magnetic resonance (Gottingen, Germany)·2026
Same author

A fast sample shuttle to couple high and low magnetic fields and applications in high-resolution relaxometry.

Magnetic resonance (Gottingen, Germany)·2025
Same author

The SOFAST-HMBC-HMQC experiment for pairing geminal methyl groups in valine and leucine side-chains.

Journal of biomolecular NMR·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology
11:05

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

Published on: August 30, 2007

Single or triple gradients?

Riddhiman Sarkar1, Detlef Moskau, Fabien Ferrage

  • 1Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, Lausanne 1015, Vaud, Switzerland.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|May 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Triple orthogonal pulsed field gradients (PFGs) offer significant advantages over single-gradient probes in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments. These benefits include enhanced performance for diffusion measurements and improved zero-quantum coherence elimination in advanced spectroscopy.

More Related Videos

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems
05:56

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems

Published on: June 1, 2021

Polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate Microfluidic Devices for Cell Migration Studies Under Perpendicular Chemical and Oxygen Gradients
11:23

Polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate Microfluidic Devices for Cell Migration Studies Under Perpendicular Chemical and Oxygen Gradients

Published on: February 23, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology
11:05

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

Published on: August 30, 2007

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems
05:56

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems

Published on: June 1, 2021

Polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate Microfluidic Devices for Cell Migration Studies Under Perpendicular Chemical and Oxygen Gradients
11:23

Polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate Microfluidic Devices for Cell Migration Studies Under Perpendicular Chemical and Oxygen Gradients

Published on: February 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biophysical Chemistry

Background:

  • Pulsed Field Gradients (PFGs) are essential for various Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) applications.
  • These applications include translational diffusion studies, spatial encoding, coherence pathway selection, solvent signal suppression, and zero-quantum coherence elimination.
  • While single-gradient probes are versatile, certain advanced experiments necessitate the use of three orthogonal gradients for optimal performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the advantages of employing triple-orthogonal gradient probes compared to single-gradient probes in NMR.
  • To illustrate these advantages through specific examples of advanced NMR experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of experimental designs utilizing triple-orthogonal pulsed field gradients.
  • Case study 1: Measurement of small diffusion coefficients using long spin-lattice relaxation times of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei (e.g., Nitrogen-15).
  • Case study 2: Elimination of zero-quantum coherences in Exchange or Nuclear Overhauser Spectroscopy (EXSY/NOESY) and studies of slow exchange/diffusion using long-lived states.

Main Results:

  • Triple-gradient probes enable more efficient measurement of small diffusion coefficients, particularly for nuclei like Nitrogen-15 with long relaxation times.
  • The use of three orthogonal gradients significantly improves the elimination of zero-quantum coherences in complex NMR experiments such as EXSY and NOESY.
  • Advanced applications, including the study of very slow exchange or diffusion processes using long-lived states, benefit from the enhanced capabilities of triple-gradient systems.

Conclusions:

  • Triple-orthogonal pulsed field gradient probes offer superior performance and enable advanced NMR experiments that are challenging or impossible with single-gradient systems.
  • These enhanced capabilities are crucial for accurate diffusion measurements and effective suppression of unwanted coherences in sophisticated spectroscopic techniques.
  • The findings highlight the importance of advanced gradient configurations for pushing the boundaries of NMR applications in diverse scientific fields.