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Related Concept Videos

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus
10:43

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus

Published on: April 21, 2023

Linear ensemble-coding in midbrain superior colliculus specifies the saccade kinematics.

A J van Opstal1, H H L M Goossens

  • 1Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 21, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.vanopstal@science.ru.nl

Biological Cybernetics
|May 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The superior colliculus (SC) uses an ensemble-coding scheme where individual neuron spikes form

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Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
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Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus
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Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
06:46

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • The superior colliculus (SC) plays a critical role in generating eye movements (saccades).
  • Previous models often attributed saccade nonlinearity to the brainstem saccade generator.
  • An ensemble-coding scheme for the SC was previously proposed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze how saccade behavior emerges from the proposed SC ensemble-coding scheme.
  • To investigate the role of SC activity distribution in saccade kinematics.
  • To present new experimental evidence supporting the SC ensemble-coding mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations using a simplified linear feedback system for the brainstem saccade generator.
  • Analysis of recorded spike trains from 139 saccade-related SC neurons during thousands of eye movements.
  • Comparison of model-generated saccade trajectories with experimental data.

Main Results:

  • The ensemble-coding scheme accurately reproduced straight saccades with correct velocity profiles.
  • The model successfully replicated nonlinear saccade kinematic relations (main sequence properties, component stretching).
  • Saccade nonlinearity was found to reside in the spatial-temporal distribution of SC activity.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed SC ensemble-coding scheme provides a parsimonious explanation for saccade generation.
  • Saccade kinematic nonlinearity originates from the SC's activity patterns, not solely the brainstem.
  • New experimental data support the ensemble-coding mechanism for gaze control.