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Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement01:27

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention01:05

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors01:20

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors

Modified-release drug delivery systems are designed to optimize the therapeutic effect of drugs by minimizing side effects, reducing the dosage required, and controlling drug release to align with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic needs. The system depends on two key factors: the drug's release from the formulation and its movement through the body to the target site. Unlike conventional dosage forms, where absorption is the limiting step, the rate of drug release is the key determinant in...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
Retarders01:19

Retarders

Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...

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Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
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Published on: November 24, 2021

Percutaneous permeation modifiers: enhancement versus retardation.

Diksha Kaushik1, Priya Batheja, Brian Kilfoyle

  • 1Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Life Science Building, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|May 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Penetration modifiers, including enhancers and retardants, alter skin barrier properties. This review highlights how formulation can change a retardant into an enhancer, necessitating further study for effective drug delivery.

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Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
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Published on: September 19, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Decades of research utilize permeation enhancers to alter skin barrier function.
  • Xenobiotic toxicity spurred development of permeation retardants.
  • Both enhancers and retardants are classified as penetration modifiers due to their effects on the skin's surface layer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the functions of penetration enhancers and retardants.
  • To provide evidence for grouping enhancers and retardants as penetration modifiers.
  • To explore the dynamic behavior of penetration modifiers in different formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on permeation enhancers and retardants.
  • Analysis of formulation effects on modifier activity.
  • Synthesis of evidence supporting the classification of enhancers and retardants as penetration modifiers.

Main Results:

  • Permeation retardants can exhibit enhancing properties depending on the formulation.
  • The classification of compounds as enhancers or retardants is context-dependent.
  • Penetration modifiers significantly impact skin barrier properties.

Conclusions:

  • Penetration modifiers play a crucial role in drug delivery.
  • Further research is essential to fully understand the mechanisms of penetration modifiers.
  • Optimizing drug delivery requires a deeper understanding of how these modifiers interact with skin properties.