Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Defective B cell development in Snell dwarf (dw/dw) mice can be corrected by thyroxine treatment.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·1996
Same author

The carboxyl terminus of GLUT4 contains a serine-leucine-leucine sequence that functions as a potent internalization motif in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The Journal of biological chemistry·1996
Same author

Safe feeding practices for infants and young children.

Journal of paediatrics and child health·1996
Same author

Clinical associations and time of onset of cerebral white matter damage in very preterm babies.

Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition·1996
Same author

Gun acquisition and use by juvenile offenders.

JAMA·1996
Same author

Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance.

The Journal of clinical investigation·1996

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum
08:00

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum

Published on: March 1, 2017

pH-induced alterations in stratum corneum properties.

K P Ananthapadmanabhan1, A Lips, C Vincent

  • 1Unilever Research and Development, Edgewater, NJ 07020, USA. KP.Ananth@unilever.com

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|May 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Alkaline conditions (pH 10) significantly alter skin's stratum corneum (SC) structure, increasing swelling and lipid rigidity. These pH-induced changes, exacerbated by surfactants, contribute to cleanser-induced skin irritation.

More Related Videos

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin
10:51

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

Published on: July 14, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum
08:00

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum

Published on: March 1, 2017

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin
10:51

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

Published on: July 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Alkyl carboxylates (soaps) are more irritating than syndet surfactants due to inherent properties and pH effects.
  • Previous research has not fully explored how solution pH directly impacts the stratum corneum (SC) and skin irritation.
  • Understanding pH effects on the SC is crucial for developing less irritating skin cleansers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct effects of buffered pH solutions and surfactants on the physical properties of the stratum corneum (SC).
  • To measure alterations in SC proteins and lipids induced by varying pH levels and surfactant types.
  • To elucidate the role of pH-induced SC changes in surfactant-mediated skin irritation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure SC swelling and structural changes.
  • Employed infrared (IR) spectroscopy to assess alterations in SC lipid transition temperatures.
  • Examined the effects of buffered solutions (pH 4, 6.5, 10) and specific surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium lauryl ether sulphate) on SC properties.

Main Results:

  • SC swelling significantly increased at pH 10 compared to pH 4 and 6.5, indicating altered SC structural proteins.
  • The transition temperature (T(m)) of SC lipids increased at pH 10, suggesting a more rigid lipid matrix.
  • Surfactants further enhanced SC swelling and lipid rigidity, particularly at higher pH values.

Conclusions:

  • High pH (10) induces significant physical changes in the stratum corneum, including increased swelling and lipid rigidity.
  • These pH-dependent alterations in SC structure contribute to the mechanisms of surfactant-induced skin irritation.
  • Findings provide insights for formulating milder skin cleansing products by controlling pH and surfactant choice.