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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Smooth muscle tissue is a type of muscle tissue that can be found lining various vital organs in the human body, including the lungs, blood vessels, digestive tract, and respiratory tract. This type of tissue is responsible for regulating the movements of these organs, playing crucial roles in the functioning of various systems, including the vascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.
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Smooth muscle contraction is a complex process vital for various bodily functions, from maintaining blood vessel tension to facilitating the movement of food through the digestive tract. Unlike striated muscles, smooth muscle contraction begins more slowly and lasts longer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Focal Ca2+ Transient Detection in Smooth Muscle
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Calcium channels in smooth muscle.

J Yu1, R Bose

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Gastroenterology
|May 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Smooth muscle calcium channels, though challenging to study, include L-type and T-type channels. Understanding these channels could lead to new gastrointestinal treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Characterizing calcium (Ca2+) channels in smooth muscle is complex due to cell isolation difficulties and heterogeneity.
  • Research in smooth muscle Ca2+ channels has advanced despite these challenges, with increasing reports available.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on Ca2+ channels in smooth muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of calcium (Ca2+) channels in smooth muscle.
  • To highlight the types and characteristics of Ca2+ channels in smooth muscle.
  • To discuss the clinical implications and future directions for Ca2+ channel research in smooth muscle.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on smooth muscle Ca2+ channels.
  • Comparison of Ca2+ channel properties across different muscle types (smooth, cardiac, skeletal).

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  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms and pharmacological properties of Ca2+ channels.

    • Main Results:

    • Smooth muscle expresses L-type (long-acting) and T-type (transient) voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, similar to skeletal muscle.
    • L-type channels are better characterized and regulated by voltage, Ca2+, cyclic nucleotides, and protein kinase C.
    • Receptor-operated channels, which are voltage-insensitive, also contribute to Ca2+ influx and are insensitive to dihydropyridines, as are T-type channels.

    Conclusions:

    • Further research into smooth muscle Ca2+ channel properties is crucial.
    • This understanding may facilitate the development of selective Ca2+ channel blockers for gastrointestinal conditions.
    • Current clinical applications of Ca2+ blockers are primarily cardiovascular, with limited gastrointestinal use.