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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Lymphocytic hypophysitis occurring simultaneously with a functioning pituitary adenoma.

Daniel J Cuthbertson1, Dave Ritchie, Daniel Crooks

  • 1Department of Diabetes, School of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, England.

Endocrine Journal
|May 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) is a rare pituitary disorder. This study highlights two cases of pituitary adenoma co-occurring with LH, emphasizing the need for histological confirmation in diagnosis.

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) is a rare inflammatory condition affecting the pituitary gland, often mimicking pituitary adenomas.
  • It is characterized by dense lymphocytic infiltration of the anterior pituitary, with diagnosis confirmed histologically.
  • LH is increasingly recognized, particularly in young postpartum females, presenting with symptoms of a pituitary mass or hypopituitarism.

Observation:

  • Two cases are presented: a 39-year-old female with Cushing's syndrome and a 61-year-old male with hyperprolactinemia and visual field loss.
  • Both patients exhibited enlarged pituitary masses with suprasellar extension on MR imaging.
  • Histological examination revealed co-existing functioning pituitary adenomas (ACTH and prolactin-secreting) and lymphocytic hypophysitis.

Findings:

  • The study identified a rare combination of functioning pituitary adenoma and lymphocytic hypophysitis in both patients.
  • Surgical treatment involved transsphenoidal drainage and excision, with histological confirmation of both pathologies.
  • This highlights the diagnostic challenge where LH can present alongside more common pituitary tumors.

Implications:

  • The findings underscore the importance of considering and histologically confirming Lymphocytic Hypophysitis, even when symptoms suggest a pituitary adenoma.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management of patients with combined pituitary pathologies.
  • Increased recognition of LH, both in isolation and in conjunction with pituitary adenomas, is warranted in clinical practice.