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Related Concept Videos

Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
12:13

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

Published on: June 9, 2010

Structural and functional insights into nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Martin Beck1, Ohad Medalia

  • 1Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland. beck@imsb.biol.ethz.ch

Histology and Histopathology
|May 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear envelope (NE) regulates transport via nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), large protein structures controlling molecular movement. This review explores recent insights into NPC organization and nucleocytoplasmic transport, discussing future high-resolution models.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
12:13

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

Published on: June 9, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The cell nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope (NE).
  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in the NE regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • NPCs are massive protein assemblies (nucleoporins, Nups) facilitating molecular traffic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the structural and functional organization of nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  • To discuss the prospects for developing high-resolution models of the nuclear pore.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on nuclear pore complex structure and function.
  • Analysis of data related to nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanisms.
  • Discussion of emerging techniques for high-resolution imaging and modeling.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies offer novel insights into the intricate structural and functional organization of NPCs.
  • Understanding of how NPCs mediate selective transport of molecules is advancing.
  • Progress is being made towards high-resolution structural models of the NPC.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleocytoplasmic transport is a highly regulated process crucial for cellular function.
  • Continued research on NPC structure and dynamics will enhance our understanding of gene regulation and cellular processes.
  • Future high-resolution models promise to revolutionize the study of nuclear transport.