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Cardiac function during breath-hold diving in humans: an echocardiographic study.

C Marabotti1, A Belardinelli, A L'Abbate

  • 1C.N.R Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.

Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc
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Summary

Breath-hold diving in humans causes significant cardiovascular changes, including reduced heart rate and cardiac output, similar to marine mammals. These hemodynamic effects may stem from chest constriction and increased lung blood volume during dives.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Human Diving Physiology

Background:

  • Marine mammals exhibit reduced cardiac output during breath-hold diving.
  • Human cardiovascular responses to breath-hold diving are not fully understood.
  • Submersible echocardiography enables cardiac assessment during diving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate cardiovascular changes in humans during breath-hold diving using Doppler echocardiography.
  • To compare human diving responses to those of marine mammals.

Main Methods:

  • Doppler echocardiography was used to assess cardiac function in 10 males at 3m depth and 14 males at 10m depth.
  • Measurements were taken in dry conditions and during breath-hold dives.
  • Key parameters included heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and diastolic flow patterns.

Main Results:

  • At 3m and 10m depths, significant reductions in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output were observed.
  • Left atrial dimensions and deceleration time of early diastolic transmitral flow (DTE) decreased.
  • Early transmitral flow velocity increased significantly at 10m depth.
  • Right cardiac chamber dimensions remained unchanged.

Conclusions:

  • Breath-hold diving induces cardiovascular changes in humans similar to marine mammals.
  • Hemodynamic effects may be due to chest constriction and pulmonary blood shift.
  • Diving-induced diastolic dysfunction patterns were noted, resembling restrictive heart disease.