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Related Concept Videos

Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength02:18

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)
10:28

Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)

Published on: November 2, 2018

Molecular complexation and binding studied by electrophoretic NMR spectroscopy.

Fredrik Hallberg1, Christoph F Weise, Pavel V Yushmanov

  • 1Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides quantitative insights into molecular complex composition and stoichiometry. This technique characterizes complexes of uncharged cyclodextrins with charged surfactants.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Molecular complex characterization is crucial in various scientific disciplines.
  • Electrophoretic techniques offer methods for analyzing molecular interactions.
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for structural elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility of electrophoretic NMR for quantitative characterization of molecular complexes.
  • To investigate the composition and stoichiometry of complexes formed between cyclodextrins and surfactants.
  • To establish a method for analyzing systems involving uncharged host molecules and charged guest molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing electrophoretic NMR to obtain molecularly selective electrophoretic mobilities.
  • Formation of complexes between uncharged cyclodextrins and charged surfactants.
  • Quantitative analysis of electrophoretic mobility data to determine complex characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Electrophoretic NMR successfully provided quantitative characterization of molecular complexes.
  • The method accurately determined the composition and stoichiometry of cyclodextrin-surfactant complexes.
  • Uncharged cyclodextrins were shown to attain electrophoretic mobility upon complexation with charged surfactants.

Conclusions:

  • Electrophoretic NMR is a valuable technique for the quantitative analysis of molecular complex composition and stoichiometry.
  • This approach is effective for characterizing complexes involving neutral hosts and charged guests.
  • The findings highlight the potential of electrophoretic NMR in supramolecular chemistry and analytical sciences.