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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT
07:10

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Published on: June 12, 2020

Some basic relationships between density values in cancellous and cortical bone.

Peter Zioupos1, Richard B Cook, John R Hutchinson

  • 1Department of Materials & Applied Science, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK. p.zioupos@cranfield.ac.uk

Journal of Biomechanics
|May 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone density, apparent (D(app)) and material (D(mat)), shows a complex relationship, not a simple increase, in both cancellous and cortical bone. This finding impacts understanding bone structure and regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Bone biology and biomechanics
  • Skeletal tissue properties
  • Biomaterials science

Background:

  • Bone density is critical for mechanical properties in cancellous and cortical bone.
  • Apparent density (D(app)) and material density (D(mat)) are key measures, but their relationship is complex.
  • Porosity (BV/TV) is an important factor in bone structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between apparent density (D(app)) and material density (D(mat)) in both cortical and cancellous bone.
  • To clarify the underlying causes of previously observed interdependence between D(app) and D(mat) in cancellous bone.
  • To establish equivalent relationships between D(app) and D(mat) from specimens of the same bone.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of bone specimens from cortical and cancellous areas of the same bone.
  • Plotting apparent density (D(app)) against material density (D(mat)).
  • Empirical data dissection based on D(app) thresholds (1.3 gcm(-3)) to differentiate bone forms.

Main Results:

  • The relationship between D(app) and D(mat) did not follow a monotonic function, exhibiting a 'boomerang'-like pattern.
  • Data analysis revealed distinct patterns for D(app) below and above 1.3 gcm(-3), enabling objective isolation of trabecular and compact bone.
  • Interdependence of D(app) and D(mat) was confirmed and further characterized across different bone structural forms.

Conclusions:

  • The complex 'boomerang' pattern highlights that D(mat) is not a simple function of increasing D(app).
  • Findings provide a basis for objectively segregating bone into trabecular and compact forms based on density measurements.
  • Results have implications for understanding bone mechanobiology, physiology, and the regulation of different bone structural types.