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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...
Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
Stringent Response in E. coli01:23

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
09:04

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

NrdI essentiality for class Ib ribonucleotide reduction in Streptococcus pyogenes.

Ignasi Roca1, Eduard Torrents, Margareta Sahlin

  • 1Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genètica Molecular Bacteriana, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08913 Barcelona, Spain.

Journal of Bacteriology
|May 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Streptococcus pyogenes has two ribonucleotide reductase gene clusters. The NrdEF enzyme works in vitro, but NrdEF* requires flavodoxin NrdI in vivo for function.

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NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases
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NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

Published on: June 30, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Streptococcus pyogenes possesses two distinct ribonucleotide reductase gene clusters: nrdHEF and nrdF*I*E*, alongside a separate nrdI2 gene.
  • Ribonucleotide reductases are crucial enzymes for DNA synthesis and repair, catalyzing the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and function of the two class Ib ribonucleotide reductase operons in Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • To elucidate the role of the flavodoxin NrdI protein in the activity of these operons, particularly the NrdEF* enzyme.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression analysis of nrdHEF and nrdF*I*E* operons.
  • In vitro functional assays of NrdEF and NrdEF* enzymes.
  • Heterologous complementation experiments in Escherichia coli using various nrdI genes.

Main Results:

  • Both nrdHEF and nrdF*I*E* operons are co-expressed as independent units.
  • The NrdEF enzyme exhibits in vitro activity, whereas the NrdEF* enzyme is inactive due to structural deficiencies.
  • In vivo, both operons are functional in E. coli, with nrdF*I*E* requiring an external nrdI gene, and nrdHEF gaining activity with a heterologous nrdI gene.

Conclusions:

  • The flavodoxin NrdI protein is essential in vivo for the function of the nrdF*I*E* operon, likely by reducing met-NrdEF* to enable tyrosyl radical reformation.
  • NrdI may directly participate in ribonucleotide reduction with the NrdEF*I*E* system.
  • The nrdF*I*E* operon's presence in S. pyogenes suggests a possible horizontal gene transfer event from Mycoplasma species.