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Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

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Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Published on: November 24, 2012

SCPP gene evolution and the dental mineralization continuum.

K Kawasaki¹, K M Weiss

¹Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Journal of Dental Research

|May 27, 2008

Summary

Secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) genes are vital for vertebrate skeletal mineralization. Comparative analyses reveal a mineralized tissue continuum linking bone, dentin, and enamel across vertebrates and fish.

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Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Genetics
Comparative anatomy

Background:

Secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) genes are crucial for skeletal mineralization in vertebrates.
Mutations in human SCPP genes are linked to dental hypoplasia.
SCPP gene family evolved through gene duplication from an ancestral gene.

Purpose of the Study:

To review comparative analyses of mineralized dental tissues, focusing on SCPP gene evolution.
To investigate the phylogenetic history of SCPP genes in tetrapods and teleost fish.
To explore the relationship between bone, dentin, and enameloid/enamel tissues.

Main Methods:

Systematic searches for SCPP genes across various species.
Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses.
Literature review of mineralized tissue research.

Main Results:

Not all disease-associated SCPP genes are found in tetrapods; teleost fish likely lack them.
Teleost fish possess their SCPP gene complement through independent duplication events.
A mineralized tissue continuum exists, connecting bone, dentin, teleost enameloid, and tetrapod enamel.

Conclusions:

Mineralized dental tissues evolved from an ancestral continuum with lineage-specific modifications.
SCPP gene evolution and distribution differ significantly between tetrapods and teleosts.
Understanding SCPP gene function provides insights into the evolution of mineralized tissues.