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Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

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Antigen-presenting cells in human radicular granulomas.

T Kaneko¹, T Okiji, R Kaneko

¹Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. tomoendo@tmd.ac.jp

Journal of Dental Research

|May 27, 2008

Summary

Dendritic cells in radicular granulomas are potent antigen-presenting cells, crucial for local immune responses. These cells, unlike macrophages, show enhanced immune signaling, suggesting a key role in defending against pathogens.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Oral Pathology

Background:

Radicular granulomas contain significant numbers of dendritic cells.
The role of dendritic cells in local antigen presentation within these granulomas is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the hypothesis that dendritic cells critically influence immunological responses in radicular granulomas via T-cell antigen presentation.
To compare the characteristics of dendritic cells and macrophages in radicular granulomas.

Main Methods:

Morphological analysis using light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy.
Biological analysis including mRNA expression of key immune markers (HLA-DR, CD83, CD86, CD28).

Main Results:

Dendritic cells, identified by HLA-DR and CD68 expression, exhibited distinct morphology with cytoplasmic processes, concentrated in lymphocyte-rich areas.
Upregulation of HLA-DR alpha-chain, CD83, and CD86 mRNA in dendritic cells, and CD28 mRNA in T-cells was observed in these areas.
Scanning electron microscopy indicated higher antigen presentation capacity (gold particle density) in dendritic cells compared to HLA-DR+ macrophages.

Conclusions:

Dendritic cells in radicular granulomas function as potent antigen-presenting cells, superior to macrophages.
These findings support the critical involvement of dendritic cells in local immune defense reactions within radicular granulomas.