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Related Concept Videos

Endocytosis01:16

Endocytosis

Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
Endocytosis always begins with the plasma membrane enclosing an incoming molecule to form a transport vesicle which, in some cases, can be coated with a protein called ‘clathrin.' Endocytosed material is either sorted through...
The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
The maturing endosome moves along microtubules from the periphery of the cell towards the perinuclear region. This movement of the...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages
08:06

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Published on: March 10, 2014

Late endosomes derive from early endosomes by maturation.

W Stoorvogel1, G J Strous, H J Geuze

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, University of Utrecht Medical School, The Netherlands.

Cell
|May 3, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Early endosomes mature into late endosomes, facilitating protein degradation. This study tracks endocytic pathways using labeled ligands in HepG2 cells, revealing a gradual maturation process.

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The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking

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Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages
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The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking
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The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking

Published on: February 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Endocytosis and Protein Trafficking

Background:

  • Endocytosed proteins target early endosomes for lysosomal degradation.
  • Lysosomal hydrolases enter the degradative pathway via late endosomes using the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor.
  • The mechanism of early to late endosome transport remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of transport from early to late endosomes.
  • To elucidate the maturation process of endosomes within the degradative pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized HepG2 cells, a human hepatoma cell line.
  • Employed asialoorosomucoid and transferrin as labeled ligands for degradative and recycling pathways, respectively.
  • Monitored intracellular ligand mixing using 125I- and HRP-labeled ligands with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-mediated density perturbation.
  • Incorporated immunoelectron microscopy for detailed structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • The endocytic pathway for asialoorosomucoid remained accessible to subsequently endocytosed transferrin-HRP.
  • Ligand accessibility and kinetics were unchanged, indicating a continuous pathway.
  • Immunoelectron microscopy supported the observed trafficking dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Early endosomes gradually mature into late endosomes.
  • This maturation model explains the transport mechanism within the endocytic pathway.
  • The findings provide a unified view of endosome progression towards lysosomal degradation.