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Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...
Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants01:22

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
The transplant begins with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, which aim to destroy the...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

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Venetoclax in combination with cytarabine with or without idarubicin or azacitidine in children, adolescents, and young adults with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (VENAML): a multicentre, phase 1 expansion study.

The Lancet. Haematology·2026
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Immunophenotypic, Cytogenetic, and Molecular Characterization of NUP98-Rearranged Pediatric Myeloid Neoplasms.

Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc·2026
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Novel <i>KAT6B::NUTM2B</i> fusion oncogene in congenital acute myeloid leukemia and implications for menin inhibitor therapy.

Haematologica·2026
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Predicting bloodstream infection by plasma cell-free metagenomic sequencing: a prospective cohort study.

The Lancet. Microbe·2026
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Clonal Evolution of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Contribution to Disease Relapse.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
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Clinical experience of using integrated whole genome and transcriptome sequencing as a framework for pediatric and adolescent acute myeloid leukemia diagnosis and risk assessment.

Leukemia·2025
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
08:31

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Published on: October 17, 2025

Childhood acute myeloid leukemia.

Jeffrey E Rubnitz1

  • 1Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA. jeffrey.rubnitz@stjude.org

Current Treatment Options in Oncology
|May 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Despite intensive treatments, about one-third of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients relapse. Future progress in AML treatment hinges on understanding disease biology, genetics, and developing targeted therapies and leukemic stem cell-eradicating agents.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Cancer Genetics

Background:

  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a significant challenge in pediatric oncology, with a substantial proportion of patients experiencing disease relapse even after intensive treatments like chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  • Conventional chemotherapy intensification alone is unlikely to overcome treatment resistance and improve outcomes for these children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for a deeper understanding of AML biology, focusing on genetic factors driving leukemogenesis and drug resistance.
  • To advocate for the development of novel therapeutic strategies beyond conventional chemotherapy for pediatric AML.

Main Methods:

  • This opinion statement synthesizes current knowledge on pediatric AML treatment outcomes and resistance mechanisms.

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Comprehensive Protocol to Sample and Process Bone Marrow for Measuring Measurable Residual Disease and Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
09:57

Comprehensive Protocol to Sample and Process Bone Marrow for Measuring Measurable Residual Disease and Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Published on: March 5, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
08:31

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Published on: October 17, 2025

Comprehensive Protocol to Sample and Process Bone Marrow for Measuring Measurable Residual Disease and Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
09:57

Comprehensive Protocol to Sample and Process Bone Marrow for Measuring Measurable Residual Disease and Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Published on: March 5, 2018

  • It emphasizes the importance of integrating genetic profiling of leukemic cells into clinical decision-making.

    • Main Results:

    • A significant unmet need exists in improving outcomes for pediatric AML, with approximately 33% of patients relapsing.
    • Current treatment paradigms may be reaching their limits in terms of efficacy and tolerability.

    Conclusions:

    • Future advancements in treating pediatric AML necessitate a shift towards understanding the underlying genetic abnormalities and disease biology.
    • Developing targeted therapies that address specific leukemia-associated abnormalities and selectively eliminate leukemic stem cells is crucial for improving patient survival and reducing relapse rates.