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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA (thiogalactoside...
What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Operons02:09

Operons

Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by a repressor...

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Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue
06:18

Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue

Published on: June 21, 2018

Metabolic regulation by lactate.

Mauro Sola-Penna1

  • 1Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 21941-590. maurosp@ufrj.br

IUBMB Life
|May 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactate is more than a metabolic waste product; it is a key regulatory molecule. This review highlights lactate's role in cellular function, homeostasis, and diseases like diabetes and cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Physiology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Historically, lactate was considered a metabolic waste product, primarily linked to muscle fatigue.
  • Recent research has revealed lactate's significant modulatory functions beyond its traditional role.
  • The decline of the lactate hypothesis for muscle fatigue has spurred new interest in lactate's broader physiological significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review recent publications on the regulatory actions of lactate in cellular function.
  • To evaluate lactate's role beyond being a mere metabolic byproduct.
  • To explore lactate's involvement in physiological regulation and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of studies investigating lactate's effects on cellular processes.
  • Synthesis of findings on lactate's regulatory properties.

Main Results:

  • Lactate modulates enzyme catalytic properties.
  • Lactate influences hormonal release and responsiveness.
  • Lactate plays a role in maintaining body homeostasis.
  • Lactate is implicated in the development and progression of diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate should be recognized as a crucial regulatory molecule, not just an anaerobic metabolite.
  • Lactate integrates and modulates metabolic processes.
  • Understanding lactate's regulatory functions is vital for comprehending cellular function and disease pathogenesis.