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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

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In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells
09:20

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Published on: July 23, 2010

Papillomavirus 3' UTR regulatory elements.

Sheila V Graham1

  • 1Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK. s.v.graham@bio.gla.ac.uk

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library
|May 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) utilize epithelial differentiation for replication. Cellular factors and RNA elements in 3' untranslated regions control late gene expression, impacting wart and cancer development.

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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

Published on: November 2, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Papillomaviruses infect epithelial cells, causing benign lesions (warts) and, rarely, malignancy like cervical cancer, exemplified by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16).
  • Papillomavirus replication is tightly regulated by epithelial differentiation, with late gene expression occurring exclusively in upper epithelial layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss RNA regulatory elements in the 3' untranslated regions of papillomaviruses.
  • To explore the cellular factors that bind these elements and mediate post-transcriptional control of viral late gene expression.
  • To understand host-virus molecular interactions for potential therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and discussion of identified RNA regulatory elements.
  • Analysis of RNA processing factors that bind to these elements.
  • Examination of proposed mechanisms for post-transcriptional gene regulation in papillomavirus infection.

Main Results:

  • RNA regulatory elements in the 3' untranslated regions of papillomaviruses have been identified.
  • These elements bind specific cellular RNA processing factors.
  • Post-transcriptional control mechanisms are crucial for regulating late gene expression, with RNAs present in lower layers but proteins only in upper epithelial layers.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular factors and specific RNA elements mediate post-transcriptional regulation of papillomavirus late gene expression.
  • Understanding these host-virus interactions is key to developing novel antiviral strategies.
  • Targeting these regulatory mechanisms could offer new avenues for abrogating virus infection.