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Related Concept Videos

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...

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Related Experiment Video

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RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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HPV-16 RNA processing.

Stefan Schwartz1

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden. Stefan.Schwartz@imbim.uu.se

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library
|May 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) RNA processing is key to gene regulation. Understanding splice sites and polyadenylation signals reveals how HPV-16 controls its gene expression, impacting late gene expression.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) gene regulation relies on intricate RNA processing mechanisms.
  • HPV-16 utilizes multiple 5' and 3' splice sites and two polyadenylation signals (pAE, pAL) for transcript diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing HPV-16 gene regulation through detailed analysis of its RNA processing.
  • To identify key RNA elements and protein interactions that control the efficiency and specificity of HPV-16 splicing and polyadenylation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HPV-16 genome to identify splice sites and polyadenylation signals.
  • Investigating the regulatory elements controlling the major 3' splice site (SA3358) and early polyA signal.
  • Examining splice sites (SD3632, SA5639) exclusive to late mRNAs and their associated silencer elements.

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Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis
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Main Results:

  • The major 3' splice site (SA3358) is highly utilized due to a strong enhancer, despite being suboptimal, indirectly inhibiting late gene expression.
  • Early polyadenylation is regulated by UTR sequences and L2 region elements interacting with hnRNP H.
  • Late mRNA specific splice sites (SD3632, SA5639) are repressed by silencer elements, with SA5639 interacting with hnRNP A1.

Conclusions:

  • HPV-16 employs complex RNA processing strategies, including enhancer-driven major splice site usage and silencer-mediated repression of late splice sites, to control gene expression.
  • hnRNP proteins (H and A1) play critical roles in regulating HPV-16 RNA processing.
  • Polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) is currently the only known factor to promote HPV-16 late gene expression.