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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E: a curious zoonosis.

Nicole Pavio1, Christophe Renou, Gaetana Di Liberto

  • 1UMR 1161 Virologie AFSSA LERPAZ-ENVA-INRA, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 7 Ave du General de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France. npavio@vet-alfort.fr

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library
|May 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes widespread waterborne hepatitis epidemics and sporadic cases. Understanding HEV transmission in non-endemic regions, especially from animal reservoirs, is crucial for public health surveillance.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes significant waterborne hepatitis outbreaks in endemic areas and sporadic cases in non-endemic regions.
  • While waterborne transmission is understood in endemic zones, HEV contamination routes in non-endemic areas remain largely undefined.
  • HEV is unique among hepatitis viruses for possessing an animal reservoir, suggesting zoonotic transmission potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the modes of Hepatitis E virus contamination in non-endemic regions.
  • To identify potential animal reservoirs and foodborne transmission pathways for HEV.
  • To highlight the need for a surveillance plan addressing HEV's genetic variability and zoonotic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of HEV strains.
  • Studies on direct contamination via infected food products.
  • Review of existing epidemiological data on HEV cases in non-endemic regions.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests animal-to-human transmission of HEV occurs.
  • Specific sources of human contamination in non-endemic areas require further investigation.
  • High genetic variability of HEV may play a role in zoonotic transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is essential to fully elucidate HEV transmission dynamics in non-endemic settings.
  • Identifying and monitoring animal reservoirs and foodborne risks are critical for prevention.
  • A robust surveillance plan is needed to manage HEV, considering its genetic diversity and zoonotic potential.