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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

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Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
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Published on: September 11, 2017

Tonically active inhibition selectively controls feedforward circuits in mouse barrel cortex.

Esther I Krook-Magnuson1, Peijun Li, Scott M Paluszkiewicz

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|May 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Tonic inhibition varies across cerebral cortex cell types, with inhibitory neurons exhibiting stronger effects than excitatory ones. This highlights cell-specific control of neural excitability via extrasynaptic GABA A receptors.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

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Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain
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Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Published on: July 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Physiology
  • Synaptic Transmission

Background:

  • Tonic inhibition, mediated by extrasynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A) receptors, is crucial for regulating neuronal excitability throughout the central nervous system.
  • While GABAergic interneuron diversity in the cerebral cortex is well-established, the specific roles and expression levels of tonic inhibition across different cortical cell types remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cell-type-specific expression and functional significance of tonic inhibition in layer 4 of the mouse somatosensory barrel cortex.
  • To determine how tonic currents, activated by the GABA A receptor agonist THIP, differentially affect inhibitory and excitatory neurons.

Main Methods:

  • In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry were used to assess delta-subunit expression in cortical barrel structures.
  • Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to measure tonic currents in different cell types.
  • The GABA A receptor superagonist 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) was applied to activate tonic currents without altering synaptic decay kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Moderate delta-subunit expression was observed across barrel structures.
  • THIP application induced significantly larger tonic currents in inhibitory neurons (low-threshold spiking and fast-spiking cells) compared to excitatory neurons.
  • Fast-spiking interneurons with more rapid action potentials exhibited greater tonic inhibition.
  • THIP application selectively abolished inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in thalamic-evoked disynaptic responses in a subset of excitatory neurons, indicating control over feedforward circuits.

Conclusions:

  • Tonic inhibition is differentially expressed across neuronal types in the somatosensory cortex, with inhibitory interneurons being more strongly affected.
  • The magnitude of tonic inhibition varies even within inhibitory cell classes, correlating with action potential firing properties.
  • Tonic conductance plays a selective role in modulating feedforward inhibition, suggesting distinct circuit control mechanisms mediated by presynaptic inhibitory neurons.