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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.Life is not fair. A deer grazing contentedly in a field can have her meal cut tragically short by a bolt of lightning. If the doomed doe is one of only three in the population, 1/3 of the population’s gene pool is lost. Random events like this can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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[HIV genetic diversity and its consequences].

B Roquebert1, F Damond, F Brun-Vézinet

  • 1Laboratoire de virologie, hôpital Bichat Claude-Bernard, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75877 Paris cedex 18, France. diane.descamps@bch.aphp.fr

Pathologie-Biologie
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Summary

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) originated from simian transmissions. While treatments improved, antiretroviral resistance and vaccine development remain key challenges in managing HIV infection.

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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
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Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
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Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
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Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) stem from cross-species transmission events.
  • HIV-1 exhibits significant genetic diversity, categorized into groups M, N, and O, with Group M further divided into subtypes and recombinant forms.
  • The advent of protease inhibitors and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 transformed HIV prognosis.

Purpose:

  • To provide an overview of HIV-1 and HIV-2 origins and classification.
  • To highlight advancements in HIV treatment, including the availability of antiretrovirals in resource-limited settings.
  • To discuss persistent challenges in HIV management, such as antiretroviral resistance and vaccine development.

Summary:

  • HIV-1 and HIV-2 originated from simian viruses infecting humans, with HIV-1 showing extensive genetic diversity.
  • Antiretroviral therapies, including HAART, have significantly improved patient outcomes since 1996.
  • Key challenges include the rise of drug-resistant HIV strains and the hypothetical status of vaccine development.

Impact:

  • Improved understanding of HIV evolution and diversity.
  • Enhanced global access to life-saving antiretroviral treatments.
  • Identified critical areas for future HIV research and intervention strategies, particularly concerning resistance and prevention.