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Related Concept Videos

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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The olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Olfactory Preference Test for Measuring Olfactory Hedonic Biases in Mouse Models of Depression
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Published on: July 11, 2025

Increased processing speed for emotionally negative odors in schizophrenia.

Bettina M Pause1, Gabriele Hellmann, Robert Göder

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany. Bettina.Pause@uni-duesseldorf.de

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|June 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms exhibit faster processing of odors, particularly negative ones, compared to healthy individuals and those with major depressive disorder. This suggests a potential processing advantage for threat-related olfactory information.

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Published on: December 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Olfactory identification deficits are common in schizophrenia, but hypersensitivity and impaired odor hedonics are also reported.
  • Understanding olfactory information processing is crucial for schizophrenia research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory information processing in schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms using chemosensory event-related potential (CSERP) analysis.
  • To compare olfactory processing in schizophrenia patients with healthy controls and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
  • To examine modality-specific and disorder-specific effects by comparing CSERP with visual event-related potentials (VERP).

Main Methods:

  • EEG recording (32 scalp locations) during odor and color presentation in schizophrenia patients, healthy controls, and MDD patients.
  • Utilized chemosensory event-related potential (CSERP) and visual event-related potential (VERP) analysis.
  • Presented two odors (positive and negative valence) and two colors (red, yellow) using the constant flow method.

Main Results:

  • Schizophrenia patients showed shorter CSERP latencies for both odors compared to healthy controls and MDD patients.
  • This faster processing was most pronounced for the N1 component of the emotionally negative odor.
  • In contrast, schizophrenia patients exhibited increased N1 latencies and reduced P3 amplitude for color stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms may possess a processing advantage for emotionally negative (threat-related) olfactory information.
  • The findings suggest distinct processing patterns for olfactory versus visual stimuli in schizophrenia.
  • Further research is needed to explore the implications of these sensory processing differences.