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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
05:33

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Published on: June 23, 2022

Tick-borne encephalitis.

Lars Lindquist1, Olli Vapalahti

  • 1Department of Medicine and Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. lars.lindquist@ki.se

Lancet (London, England)
|June 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection transmitted by ticks, causing severe neurological illness, particularly in adults. Prevention through vaccination is crucial as no specific treatment exists for this flavivirus.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus, is transmitted by Ixodes ticks across Eurasia.
  • TBEV causes acute meningoencephalitis and myelitis, with significant morbidity and long-lasting sequelae, especially in adults.
  • Disease incidence is increasing due to climate change and altered human behaviors, despite available vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiological and clinical features of TBE.
  • To summarize the biological and virological aspects of TBEV relevant to its life cycle and transmission.
  • To highlight challenges and preventive strategies for TBE.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological and clinical data.
  • Summary of virological and biological characteristics of TBEV.

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A Model for Experimental Exposure of Humans to Larval Ixodes scapularis Ticks
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A Model for Experimental Exposure of Humans to Larval Ixodes scapularis Ticks

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

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Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Published on: February 4, 2018

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A Model for Experimental Exposure of Humans to Larval Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Published on: December 1, 2023

  • Analysis of factors influencing TBEV transmission and disease burden.

    • Main Results:

    • TBEV infection leads to neurological disease with age-dependent morbidity, affecting half of adult patients.
    • One-third of TBE patients experience long-term cognitive dysfunction and reduced quality of life.
    • Diagnosis is typically straightforward via serology, but no specific antiviral treatment is available.

    Conclusions:

    • TBEV poses a significant public health challenge due to its potential for severe neurological outcomes and increasing incidence.
    • Effective vaccines are available, making immunization the primary preventive measure against TBE.
    • Understanding TBEV ecology and transmission is vital for targeted public health interventions and disease control.