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Related Concept Videos

Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Conservation of Protein Domains02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains

Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
A limited set of protein domains often duplicate and recombine during evolution. These domains can be organized in different combinations to form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides
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Published on: November 29, 2016

Having it both ways: Sox protein function between conservation and innovation.

S I E Guth1, M Wegner

  • 1Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstr. 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|June 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sox transcription factors (TFs) emerged with multicellularity, regulating key developmental processes. Gene duplication and functional divergence within the Sox family explain current variations in animal development.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sox transcription factors (TFs) are crucial regulators of gene expression.
  • The Sox family's origin is linked to the emergence of multicellularity in animals.
  • Sox TFs regulate extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and signaling molecules, essential for metazoan development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary history and functional diversification of Sox TFs.
  • To understand how gene duplication and sub/neofunctionalization shaped the Sox family.
  • To highlight species-specific variations in Sox protein roles, focusing on SoxB and SoxE groups.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis of Sox gene families across vertebrates.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to trace gene duplication and divergence events.
  • Functional analysis of SoxB and SoxE group proteins in developmental contexts (implied).

Main Results:

  • The Sox family expanded during vertebrate evolution, leading to protein group formation.
  • Functional divergence (subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization) occurred within Sox groups.
  • Partial functional redundancy and species-specific variations in Sox developmental roles are evident, particularly for SoxB and SoxE.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary events like gene duplication and functional specialization have shaped the diverse roles of Sox TFs.
  • Understanding Sox TF evolution provides insights into metazoan development and species-specific variations.
  • The SoxB and SoxE groups exemplify the ongoing functional diversification within the Sox family.