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Related Concept Videos

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is produced by the...

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A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
11:56

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells

Published on: April 11, 2014

An expression analysis of the ascorbate biosynthesis enzyme VTC2.

Patricia Müller-Moulé1

  • 1Developmental and Molecular Plant Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany. pmoule@ucdavis.edu

Plant Molecular Biology
|June 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The VTC2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana is crucial for vitamin C (ascorbate) biosynthesis. This study reveals its expression patterns and suggests a potential dual role for the VTC2 protein beyond its enzymatic function.

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Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Published on: June 17, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The vtc2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits vitamin C deficiency due to a defect in GDP-L-Galactose phosphorylase/L-Galactose guanylyltransferase.
  • The molecular characteristics and expression of the VTC2 gene, linked to this enzyme, are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the expression of the VTC2 gene at both RNA and protein levels in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • To investigate the subcellular localization of the VTC2 protein.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of VTC2 gene expression using RNA and protein detection methods.
  • Construction and analysis of VTC2:GUS and VTC2:YFP fusion proteins.

Main Results:

  • VTC2 gene expression occurs across all developmental stages, with higher mRNA levels in green tissues compared to roots.
  • VTC2 mRNA expression is strongly induced by light in dark-grown seedlings.
  • VTC2:GUS fusion protein is localized to green tissues, while VTC2:YFP fusion protein is found in both the cytosol and nucleus.

Conclusions:

  • The VTC2 gene is ubiquitously expressed and its expression is light-regulated.
  • The nuclear localization of the VTC2:YFP fusion protein suggests a potential dual function for GDP-L-Galactose phosphorylase/L-Galactose guanylyltransferase, involving both enzymatic and regulatory roles.