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Microscopic origin of granular ratcheting.

S McNamara1, R García-Rojo, H J Herrmann

  • 1Institut für Computerphysik, Universität Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
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Granular ratcheting, a phenomenon in cyclic loading simulations, arises from path-dependent potential energy in particle interaction models. An alternative force calculation method successfully eliminates this deformation accumulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Numerical simulations of granular materials under cyclic loading often exhibit granular ratcheting.
  • This phenomenon is characterized by a net deformation accumulating linearly with each loading cycle.
  • The underlying cause in commonly used models has been a subject of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the cause of granular ratcheting in numerical simulations.
  • To investigate the role of potential energy in particle-particle interaction models.
  • To propose an alternative method to mitigate or remove granular ratcheting.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of potential energy storage in particle contact models under cyclic loading.
  • Identification of path-dependent energy characteristics in closed loading paths.
  • Development and testing of an alternative tangential force calculation method.

Main Results:

  • The study identified path-dependent potential energy as the cause of granular ratcheting.
  • It was shown that stored energy can change even without sliding, due to specific closed paths.
  • The alternative tangential force calculation method was demonstrated to effectively remove granular ratcheting.

Conclusions:

  • Path-dependent potential energy in contact models is the source of artificial deformation in granular simulations.
  • Modifying the calculation of tangential forces offers a viable solution to prevent granular ratcheting.
  • This finding has implications for more accurate modeling of granular material behavior under cyclic stress.