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Related Concept Videos

Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
Reaction Mechanisms: The Steady-State Approximation01:26

Reaction Mechanisms: The Steady-State Approximation

The steady-state approximation, also referred to as the quasi-steady-state approximation to differentiate it from a true steady state, is a widely used method for simplifying calculations in complex reaction mechanisms. This approach is particularly useful when dealing with multi-step reactions that involve reverse reactions or several steps, which can significantly increase mathematical complexity and make the reactions nearly unsolvable analytically.The steady-state approximation operates on...
Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation01:29

Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation

The rate-determining step, or RDS, in a chemical reaction is the slowest step that determines the overall reaction rate. It is identified by using the observed rate law and typically involves approximation methods like the RDS approximation or the steady-state approximation.In the RDS approximation, also known as the rate-limiting-step or equilibrium approximation, the reaction mechanism consists of one or more reversible reactions near equilibrium, followed by a slower RDS, and then one or...
Spontaneity02:21

Spontaneity

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to the earth’s...
Multi-Step Reactions02:31

Multi-Step Reactions

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
Transition State Theory01:25

Transition State Theory

Transition-state theory, also known as activated-complex theory, provides a molecular-level explanation of reaction rates in both gas-phase and solution-phase reactions. It extends earlier kinetic models by considering the formation of a short-lived, high-energy configuration during a reaction.The progress of a chemical reaction can be represented using a reaction profile, which plots potential energy against the reaction coordinate. As two reactant molecules approach one another, their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules
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Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

Published on: September 5, 2019

Continuous-time random-walk approach to normal and anomalous reaction-diffusion processes.

A Zoia1

  • 1E Fermi Center for Nuclear Studies, Energy Department, Polytechnic of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy. andrea.zoia@polimi.it

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study models radioactive species transport in porous media using continuous-time random-walk (CTRW) to understand contaminant spread. We analyzed particle jumps before decay to quantify displacement and diffusion in heterogeneous environments.

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Radioactive species transport in porous media is crucial for environmental risk assessment.
  • Anomalous diffusion and radioactive decay complicate contaminant transport modeling.
  • Heterogeneous media like fractured rocks and sediments present unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the dynamics of radioactive species in porous materials.
  • To investigate the coupling of radioactive decay with anomalous diffusion.
  • To quantify contaminant spread in heterogeneous media.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the continuous-time random-walk (CTRW) approach for stochastic transport.
  • Deriving the distribution of particle jumps before decay.
  • Computing moments of the cumulative particle distribution.

Main Results:

  • Established a framework for analyzing radioactive decay coupled with anomalous diffusion.
  • Derived the probability distribution for particle jumps prior to decay.
  • Calculated moments to quantify contaminant displacement and spread.

Conclusions:

  • The CTRW model provides a robust method for studying radioactive contaminant dynamics.
  • Understanding particle jump distributions is key to predicting contaminant fate.
  • The derived moments enable quantitative assessment of contaminant transport in complex geological settings.