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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
Other Unique Bacteria01:18

Other Unique Bacteria

Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic and are commonly found near the...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Paired Bead and Magnet Array for Molding Microwells with Variable Concave Geometries
11:42

A Paired Bead and Magnet Array for Molding Microwells with Variable Concave Geometries

Published on: January 28, 2018

Interactions between comoving magnetic microswimmers.

Eric E Keaveny1, Martin R Maxey

  • 1Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, 182 George Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial microswimmers propelled by magnetic fields offer insights into low-Reynolds-number swimming. This study simulated two such swimmers, revealing hydrodynamic interactions decay with distance.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of micro- and nanomachines
  • Soft matter physics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Artificial microswimmers with flagellum-like tails, driven by magnetic fields, serve as models for low-Reynolds-number locomotion.
  • Studying microswimmer interactions elucidates hydrodynamic forces crucial for understanding microbial motility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically simulate the interactions between two co-moving artificial microswimmers.
  • To quantify swimming speeds and hydrodynamic interactions at varying separations.
  • To investigate the influence of planar and rotational magnetic fields on swimmer dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Particle-based numerical simulations were employed to model two artificial microswimmers.
  • Simulations analyzed swimming speeds under different magnetic field types (planar and rotational).
  • Hydrodynamic interactions were calculated based on swimmer separation distances.

Main Results:

  • Swimming speeds were determined for various inter-swimmer separations.
  • Far-field hydrodynamic interactions were found to follow an inverse-square law (decaying as h-2).
  • The contribution of inter-swimmer magnetic forces was quantified.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial microswimmers provide a valuable platform for studying fundamental fluid dynamics at the microscale.
  • Hydrodynamic interactions between microswimmers are significant but diminish predictably with distance.
  • Magnetic forces play a role in the collective behavior of these artificial swimmers.