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Related Concept Videos

Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
Fluid Pressure01:14

Fluid Pressure

In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
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Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving01:09

Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving

Carbonation is a process used to dissolve carbon dioxide gas in a liquid, commonly used in the production of carbonated beverages. Achieving efficient carbonation requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and flow conditions. By adjusting these parameters, carbonation efficiency can be maximized, producing a higher concentration of CO2 in the liquid.
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Bernoulli's Principle01:01

Bernoulli's Principle

Bernoulli's equation incorporates how fluid pressure changes across a static, incompressible fluid by equating the kinetic energy contribution to zero. It is also helpful in analyzing horizontal flows in which the gravitational energy density is constant throughout. The latter equation is so useful that it is called Bernoulli's principle. According to Bernoulli's principle, the fluid pressure drops if the speed increases and vice versa.
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Irrotational Flow01:28

Irrotational Flow

Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques
10:53

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

Published on: March 12, 2019

Writing in turbulent air.

Jeroen Bominaar1, Mira Pashtrapanska, Thijs Elenbaas

  • 1Institute of Molecules and Materials, Applied Molecular Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a molecular tagging velocimetry technique using nitric oxide (NO) for air flow measurement. Experiments show the method aligns with a convection-diffusion model, enabling temperature rise estimation.

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Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques
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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Laser-based diagnostics
  • Chemical physics

Background:

  • Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) is a powerful technique for measuring gas flow velocities.
  • The accuracy of MTV is limited by molecular diffusion, which blurs tagged patterns over time.
  • Turbulent flows present unique challenges for MTV due to the small scales involved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and analyze a novel molecular tagging velocimetry scheme in air using laser-induced nitric oxide (NO) fluorescence.
  • To investigate the effects of molecular diffusion and local heating on the accuracy of the tagging process.
  • To validate the experimental results with a convection-diffusion model and assess the writing laser's intensity dependence.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of nitric oxide (NO) tracer molecules from O2 and N2 via laser photolysis.
  • Visualization of NO molecules using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF).
  • Analysis of pattern diffusion using a convection-diffusion model, considering local heating effects.

Main Results:

  • The molecular tagging process was found to be quadratic with respect to the writing laser intensity.
  • Experimental data showed good agreement with a simple convection-diffusion model.
  • The model allowed for the estimation of local temperature increases caused by laser absorption.

Conclusions:

  • The developed NO-based MTV scheme is effective for air flow velocimetry.
  • Understanding and modeling diffusion and thermal effects are crucial for accurate MTV measurements.
  • The quadratic intensity dependence of the tagging process provides insights for optimizing laser writing parameters.