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Related Concept Videos

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges01:30

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. However, the centers of the positive and negative charges do not always coincide. In such a scenario, the electric field of an atom may not be zero.
A separation of the positive and negative charges can lead to a weak, remnant effect of the positive and negative charges. The expectation is that the more the distance between the positive and...
Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He mathematically...
Coulomb's Law01:30

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges involved.
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Coulomb's Law and The Principle of Superposition

Coulomb's Law describes the force experienced by two point charges under each other's presence. But what if there are more than two charges? For example, if there is a third charge, does it experience a force that is a simple combination of the individual forces due to the first two charges? Can it be described mathematically?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
08:54

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

Irrational versus rational charge and statistics in two-dimensional quantum systems.

Claudio Chamon1, Chang-Yu Hou, Roman Jackiw

  • 1Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Quasiparticle excitations with irrational charge and exchange statistics were discovered in Dirac systems. Upon deconfining, these exotic particles exhibit a charge of 1/2 and quarton exchange statistics.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
08:54

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Tight-binding systems exhibit complex quasiparticle behaviors.
  • The Dirac equation in (2+1) dimensions describes relativistic quantum phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and properties of quasiparticle excitations in specific Dirac systems.
  • To analyze the behavior of these excitations under deconfining conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a continuum approximation of tight-binding systems.
  • Applied the Dirac equation in (2+1)-dimensional spacetime.
  • Analyzed quasiparticle charge and exchange statistics.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the existence of quasiparticles with irrational charge and exchange statistics.
  • Showed that deconfined excitations at zero temperature rerationalize to a charge of 1/2.
  • Identified the exchange statistics of these deconfined excitations as those of quartons (half-semions).

Conclusions:

  • Quasiparticle excitations with exotic properties can emerge in (2+1)-dimensional Dirac systems.
  • Deconfinement leads to a significant change in quasiparticle characteristics, including charge and statistics.
  • These findings offer new insights into exotic matter and fractionalization phenomena.