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Related Concept Videos

Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III01:25

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III

The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal gas, the molar heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas in terms of d is
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

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Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas II01:23

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Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Hugoniot data for helium in the ionization regime.

J Eggert1, S Brygoo, P Loubeyre

  • 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied helium (He) under extreme pressures using shock compression. Helium became more compressible as it began to ionize, aligning with theoretical predictions for this high-pressure fluid behavior.

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Published on: January 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • High-pressure physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Shock wave physics

Background:

  • Helium (He) exhibits unique properties under extreme conditions.
  • Understanding the behavior of dense fluids is crucial for planetary science and materials science.
  • Previous studies have explored helium's properties, but data in the 100 GPa range remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally determine Hugoniot data for fluid helium at pressures up to 100 GPa.
  • To investigate the compressibility and ionization behavior of helium under shock compression.
  • To compare experimental results with theoretical predictions for dense helium.

Main Methods:

  • Shock compression of statically precompressed helium samples in diamond-anvil cells.
  • Tuning initial helium density (rho_(1)) from the zero-pressure liquid density (rho_(0L)) up to 3.3 rho_(0L).
  • Measuring shock-compression ratios ranging from rho/rho_(1)=6 to rho/rho_(1)=4.

Main Results:

  • Hugoniot data for fluid helium were successfully obtained in the 100 GPa range.
  • Observed shock-compression ratios varied with initial density, reaching up to 12 times the zero-pressure density.
  • An increase in compressibility was observed at the onset of ionization.

Conclusions:

  • The experimental data provide valuable insights into the high-pressure equation of state for helium.
  • The observed increase in compressibility supports theoretical predictions of ionization effects in dense helium.
  • This study contributes to a better understanding of matter under extreme conditions.