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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...

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Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Ferromagnetism in GaN:Gd: a density functional theory study.

Lei Liu1, Peter Y Yu, Zhixun Ma

  • 1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

First-principle calculations reveal that ferromagnetic p-d coupling significantly exceeds s-d exchange in GaN:Gd. This explains the observed colossal magnetic moments and room-temperature ferromagnetism in this material.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Computational physics

Background:

  • Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are promising for spintronic applications.
  • Gadolinium-doped Gallium Nitride (GaN:Gd) has shown experimental evidence of room-temperature ferromagnetism.
  • Understanding the underlying magnetic interactions is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic structure and magnetic interactions in GaN:Gd using first-principle calculations.
  • To elucidate the mechanism responsible for the observed ferromagnetism and large magnetic moments.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) with on-site Coulomb energy (U) correction (GGA+U).
  • Analysis of electronic structure and magnetic coupling strengths.

Main Results:

  • Ferromagnetic p-d coupling is found to be significantly stronger (over 2 orders of magnitude) than s-d exchange coupling.
  • The calculated magnetic interactions support the experimental findings of colossal magnetic moments.
  • The role of intrinsic defects, such as Gallium vacancies, in mediating magnetic interactions is highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • The strong ferromagnetic p-d coupling, mediated by holes from intrinsic defects, explains the room-temperature ferromagnetism in GaN:Gd.
  • First-principle calculations provide a theoretical basis for the experimental observations.
  • This study offers insights into the design of magnetic semiconductors.