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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
The Phase Rule01:20

The Phase Rule

The phase rule describes the relationship between the variance (degrees of freedom), the number of components, and the number of phases in a system at equilibrium.Variance is a concept that denotes the number of independent intensive properties (properties are those that do not depend on the amount of material in the system), such as temperature, pressure, and composition, that can be altered without impacting the number of phases in equilibrium.In a single-component system, such as pure water,...
Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes

Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression results...
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:26

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement
07:36

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

Published on: November 17, 2012

Order-disorder phase transition in a chaotic system.

Rinto Anugraha1, Koyo Tamura, Yoshiki Hidaka

  • 1Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan. rinto@athena.ap.kyushu-u.ac.jp

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a hidden order in soft-mode turbulence within homeotropic nematics. An order-disorder phase transition occurs at the Lifshitz frequency, revealing hidden patterns in chaotic electroconvection.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement
07:36

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

Published on: November 17, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Soft-mode turbulence in condensed matter physics.
  • Nonlinear dynamics and pattern formation.
  • Liquid crystal electrohydrodynamics.

Background:

  • Soft-mode turbulence arises from nonlinear interactions between convective and Goldstone modes in homeotropic nematics.
  • Characterized by spatiotemporal chaos, understanding its underlying order is crucial.
  • Previous studies focused on the chaotic regime beyond the Lifshitz frequency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the order-disorder phase transition in soft-mode turbulence.
  • To identify and characterize hidden order within chaotic convective patterns.
  • To analyze the role of applied voltage frequency in pattern ordering.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced a new order parameter for pattern ordering.
  • Calculated spatial correlation functions and pattern anisotropy.
  • Modeled the convective patterns as a 2D XY system due to free rotation of the wave vector.

Main Results:

  • Revealed a novel order-disorder phase transition.
  • Identified hidden order in chaotic patterns beyond the Lifshitz frequency (f(L)).
  • Observed a transition from a disordered to a hidden ordered state at f(L) with increasing voltage frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Soft-mode turbulence exhibits hidden order beyond the Lifshitz frequency.
  • The Lifshitz frequency marks a critical point for the transition to an ordered state.
  • Applied voltage frequency is a key parameter controlling the emergence of order in these chaotic systems.