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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Trichomoniasis01:18

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
08:53

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Published on: December 4, 2020

Viral lower urinary tract infections.

Darius A Paduch1

  • 1Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, ST-924A, New York, NY 10021, USA. dap2013@med.cornell.edu

Current Urology Reports
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Viral lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) are increasingly recognized in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis using molecular techniques and treatment with cidofovir can prevent severe complications like hemorrhagic cystitis.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Urology

Background:

  • Lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) are typically bacterial, but viral causes are emerging.
  • Viral UTIs are particularly significant in immunocompromised patients, often leading to hemorrhagic cystitis.
  • BK virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus are key pathogens in post-transplant hemorrhagic cystitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of viral lower UTIs.
  • To discuss diagnostic challenges and current treatment strategies for viral UTIs.
  • To highlight the importance of early diagnosis and management in preventing morbidity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on viral lower UTIs.
  • Focus on diagnostic techniques, particularly molecular methods like real-time PCR for viral load quantification.

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Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction

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  • Examination of antiviral therapies, with emphasis on cidofovir.

    • Main Results:

    • Viral lower UTIs are increasingly identified, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
    • Real-time PCR is the preferred method for diagnosing viral UTIs and monitoring viral load.
    • Cidofovir demonstrates efficacy against common viral pathogens causing UTIs.

    Conclusions:

    • Viral lower UTIs, particularly hemorrhagic cystitis, pose a significant threat to immunocompromised patients.
    • Accurate and timely diagnosis via molecular methods is crucial.
    • Antiviral therapy, such as cidofovir, is essential for managing these infections and reducing complications.