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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Published on: November 8, 2024

Unusual fentanyl patch administration.

Sandra Thomas¹, Ruth Winecker, Joseph P Pestaner

¹Pitt County Memorial Hospital, Greenville, North Carolina, USA. thomassa@mail.ecu.edu

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

|June 4, 2008

Summary

This report details the first documented case of fentanyl patch ingestion. This unusual abuse method, distinct from chewing, highlights the need for comprehensive death investigations.

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Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

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Area of Science:

Forensic Pathology
Toxicology
Pharmacology

Background:

Fentanyl, a potent narcotic analgesic, is increasingly abused.
Unique drug packaging presents novel abuse potentials.

Observation:

This case represents the first documented instance of intentional fentanyl patch ingestion.
Previous reports of "ingestion" involved chewing patches, not swallowing them whole.

Findings:

The decedent and his brother ingested fentanyl patches for recreational "highs."
Thorough death investigations, including autopsy and toxicology, are crucial for determining cause and manner of death.

Implications:

This case underscores the diverse and evolving methods of fentanyl abuse.
Medical examiners and law enforcement must consider unusual drug delivery systems in death investigations.