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Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

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Published on: March 29, 2018

A novel biodegradable delivery system for bone morphogenetic protein-2.

Thomas Engstrand¹, Riikka Veltheim, Claes Arnander

¹Stockholm and Gothenburg, Sweden From the Stockholm Craniofacial Centre, Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute; Center for Bone Research, Sahlgrenska Academy; and ExThera, Karolinska Institute.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

|June 4, 2008

Summary

The heparin/chitosan complex significantly enhances the osteoinductive effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), promoting new bone formation. This carrier system shows promise for bone regeneration applications.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

Published on: March 29, 2018

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Published on: August 26, 2013

Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery

Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery

Published on: August 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Orthopedic Research

Background:

Recombinant growth factor efficacy relies heavily on delivery systems.
Investigating osteoinductive potential of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 with heparin and chitosan.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the osteoinductive effects of BMP-2 delivered via heparin/chitosan complex.
To compare heparin/chitosan with type I collagen as BMP-2 carriers.

Main Methods:

Sixty rats received injections of BMP-2 (0, 10, or 50 µg) in gel formulations (collagen, heparin/collagen, heparin/chitosan).
Freeze-dried formulations were also tested.
Bone formation was assessed after four weeks.

Main Results:

Heparin/chitosan protected heparin from degradation and showed superior osteoinductive effects compared to collagen carriers.
The heparin/chitosan complex induced bone formation even without BMP-2.
Complete absorption and active bone formation were observed within four weeks.

Conclusions:

Heparin/chitosan complex stabilizes or activates BMP-2 in vivo, yielding significant new bone generation.
This complex is a promising osteoinductive formula for bone reconstruction.