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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
14:28

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

Has HIV evolved to induce immune pathogenesis?

István Bartha1, Péter Simon, Viktor Müller

  • 1Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.

Trends in Immunology
|June 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drives immune system activation, crucial for AIDS development. However, this generalized immune activation is likely not a direct evolutionary advantage for the virus.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes chronic immune activation, a key factor in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis.
  • The role of HIV-induced immune activation—whether an evolved trait or a side effect of host jumping—remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the selective pressures on HIV's ability to induce immune activation.
  • To determine if generalized immune activation is a directly selected trait in HIV evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of evolutionary selection pressures.
  • Examination of the relationship between immune activation and viral fitness.

Main Results:

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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
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Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
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Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

  • Selection likely favors HIV-induced immune activation at local infection sites to increase target cells.
  • Mutations enhancing systemic immune activation offer no selective advantage to any specific viral variant.

    • Conclusions:

    • Generalized immune activation, though critical for AIDS, is probably not directly selected for by the virus.
    • HIV's pathogenesis may stem from a trait favored locally that has unintended systemic consequences.