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Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

Introduction Cardiac Emergencies

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Cardiac emergencies are critical situations involving the heart that require immediate medical intervention to prevent severe complications or death. These emergencies often arise from underlying heart conditions that impair the heart's ability to function correctly.Types of Cardiac EmergenciesThe most common types of cardiac emergencies include Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrest, and heart failure.Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)...

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

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Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

[Headache in the emergency department].

J B Toledo¹, M Riverol, E Martínez-Vila

¹Departamento de Neurología, Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.

Anales Del Sistema Sanitario De Navarra

|August 19, 2008

Summary

Acute headaches in the emergency department can signal serious conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage, not just primary migraines. Accurate patient history is crucial for diagnosing secondary headaches and guiding further evaluation.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

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Published on: June 2, 2014

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Published on: October 15, 2021

Area of Science:

Neurology
Emergency Medicine

Context:

Headaches are a common neurological symptom presenting in emergency departments.
While most headaches are primary (e.g., migraine), acute onset can indicate serious underlying conditions.

Purpose:

To outline the diagnostic approach for acute headaches in the emergency setting.
To differentiate between primary and secondary headaches and identify patients needing further evaluation.

Summary:

Physicians must diagnose acute headaches, select patients for further testing, and manage pain.
A thorough patient history is key to identifying secondary headaches.
Suspicion for secondary causes should be raised in cases of sudden onset, patients over 50, or neurological abnormalities.

Impact:

Improved diagnostic accuracy for serious secondary headaches.
Optimized patient selection for advanced diagnostic workups.
Effective pain management for emergency department headache patients.