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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Racial differences in bone strength.

Marc C Hochberg1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.

Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
|June 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Black individuals have stronger bones and a lower risk of osteoporosis and fractures compared to white individuals. This is due to higher bone mineral density and slower bone loss, influenced by various genetic and lifestyle factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Bone health and osteoporosis research.
  • Skeletal disorders and fracture risk assessment.
  • Ethnic and racial disparities in bone mineral density.

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder leading to increased fracture risk and associated morbidity/mortality.
  • Fracture incidence, particularly hip fractures, is notably higher in white populations compared to black populations.
  • Existing research suggests differences in bone strength contribute to these observed ethnic/racial variations in fracture risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ethnic/racial differences in osteoporosis and fracture risk between white and black individuals.
  • To examine the role of bone mineral density and its age-related decline in explaining these disparities.
  • To identify potential contributing factors to ethnic/racial differences in bone strength.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from large-scale studies like the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and Baltimore Men's Osteoporosis Study (MOST).
  • Comparison of age-adjusted annual incidence rates and actuarial risk of hip fracture between racial groups.
  • Assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) and its rate of decline in black and white men and women.

Main Results:

  • Black individuals exhibit higher adjusted bone mineral density than white individuals.
  • Black individuals demonstrate a slower age-adjusted annual rate of decline in bone mineral density compared to white individuals.
  • These differences in bone mineral density and its preservation contribute to the lower incidence of fractures observed in black populations.

Conclusions:

  • Greater bone strength, evidenced by higher BMD and slower decline, underlies the lower fracture risk in black individuals.
  • While non-skeletal factors like falls are considered, skeletal differences are primary drivers of ethnic/racial disparities in osteoporosis and fracture.
  • Genetic, nutritional, lifestyle, and hormonal factors likely play a role in these observed ethnic/racial differences in bone health.