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Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Published on: September 11, 2016

Xeno-estrogenic compounds in precipitation.

Ruud J B Peters¹, Henry Beeltje, Rob J van Delft

¹RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Group of Pesticides & Contaminants, Bornsesteeg 45, Wageningen, 6708 PD, The Netherlands. ruudj.peters@wur.nl

Journal of Environmental Monitoring : JEM

|June 6, 2008

Summary

This study found widespread xenoestrogens, including phthalates and bisphenol-A, in Dutch rainwater. These hormone-disrupting chemicals were detected at various concentrations, indicating both localized and diffuse emission sources.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Ecotoxicology

Background:

Xenoestrogens are chemicals that can disrupt endocrine systems, potentially affecting reproduction and development.
Previous research identified pesticides in air and precipitation, prompting further investigation into other contaminants.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and concentrations of various xenoestrogens in rainwater across The Netherlands.
To identify potential emission sources of these compounds based on their distribution in precipitation.

Main Methods:

Rainwater samples were collected from approximately 50 locations over a four-week period.
Analysis included bisphenol-A, alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, phthalates, flame retardants, and synthetic musks.
Kriging techniques were employed to create concentration contour plots and infer emission patterns.

Main Results:

Xenoestrogens were detected in all analyzed rainwater samples.
Phthalates were the most abundant, with one sample showing nearly 100,000 ng l(-1) of di-isodecyl phthalate.
Bisphenol-A, alkylphenols, and synthetic musks were also frequently detected, with concentrations varying by compound and location.

Conclusions:

Rainwater serves as a significant pathway for the environmental distribution of various xenoestrogens.
Identified emission sources ranged from localized industrial outputs to diffuse sources associated with consumer product usage.
The widespread presence of these compounds highlights the need for continued monitoring and potential regulatory action.