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Related Concept Videos

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice
09:03

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

Historical reflections on autoimmune hepatitis.

Ian-R Mackay1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia. ian.mackay@med.monash.edu.au

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|June 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a liver disease where the immune system attacks the liver. While treatments like immunosuppressants are effective, the exact causes and specific autoantigens remain elusive.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), historically known by various names including chronic active hepatitis, emerged in clinical recognition in the late 1940s.
  • Early observations linked chronic active hepatitis to viral infections, with a later controversial designation 'lupoid hepatitis' highlighting multisystem and immunological features, particularly in young women.

Observation:

  • The term AIH was adopted in 1965, coinciding with the identification of key autoantibodies like antinuclear antibody (ANA), smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and liver-kidney microsomal (LKM) antibody in the 1960s.
  • Despite diagnostic utility, the precise pathogenic role of these autoantibodies remains unclear, and a specific liver autoantigen has yet to be identified.

Findings:

  • Immunosuppressive therapy, primarily with prednisolone and azathioprine, demonstrated efficacy in the 1960s and remains the current standard of care for AIH.

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Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
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Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice
09:03

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
11:36

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

  • AIH exhibits associations with specific HLA alleles, including the B8, DR3 haplotype and DR4, common in many autoimmune conditions.

    • Implications:

    • AIH represents an enigmatic autoimmune disease characterized by reactivity towards non-organ-specific autoantigens, challenging current understanding of organ-specific autoimmunity.
    • Further research is needed to develop new paradigms for explaining the etiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of AIH and similar complex autoimmune disorders.